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[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica

Moses Fantasy Jews in Algeria 01: Muhammad Fantasy Arab rule appr.850-1516

The play of fantasies in Algeria

Moses Fantasy Jews and their communities in Algeria - schooling and trade along the Sudanese gold route

[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: Algeria, vol. 2, col. 613, map of the [Moses Fantasy] Jewish communities in Algeria

from: Algeria; In: [Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol. 2

presented by Michael Palomino (2007 / 2019)

3 fantasies - Moses is a fantasy - Jesus is a fantasy - Muhammad is a fantasy - but Mother Earth is REAL
Moses is a fantasy - nothing could be found of him. The proofs are in the book: The Bible unearthed - link. So, Jewry is a fantasy, and also the Jewish calendar is a fantasy. Also Jesus is a fantasy: nothing could be found, but it's a code fantasy with the numbers 3,12,13 and 33 - link. Therefore, Christiandom is a fantasy, and also the Christian calendar is a fantasy - and the Vatican is a criminal pedophile satanic drug money laundering bank mafia - link with videos - link with news. Also Muhammad is a fantasy: nothing could be found, and the name "Muhammad" was used only since 850, not in 600 - link. Therefore also the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim calendar is a fantasy. Peace and healings and instructions how to handle the planet are with Mother Earth - Mother Earth is REAL and everybody can learn it: http://www.med-etc.com - have a good day. - Michael Palomino, May 12, 2019

Encyclopaedia Judaica = Mossad - link with proofs (English)

<ALGERIA (Central Maghreb; Ar al-Jaza'ir),

modern designation for the central part of North Africa, bordered by *Morocco on the west and *Tunisia on the east.

[7th century: Muhammad Fantasy Arab FANTASY invasion - and new Moses Fantasy Jewish communities]

Resistance against the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Arab invasion in the seventh century was organized first near Biskra and later in the Aurès mountains, where the *kahina (an epithet meaning priestess), the "queen" of the Judeo-Berber tribe Jarawa, won brilliant victories. With the death of the kahina in 693 came the collapse of Berber independence. Most of the Jarawa adopted Islam, others escaped to the west and south reinforcing the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish elements there.

[[Supplement: First 200 years of Islam are invented - NO invasion in 680 - NO Muhammad Fantasy Muslim Algeria until 850
The Arab invasion is FANTASY, there was NO invasion. According to latest arqueology and research the first 200 years of Islam are invented and there was NO Muslim in Algeria until 850 approximately. The word "Muhammad" from today's Syria was an adjective "the praised one" for the Fantasy Jesus - see the book of Pressburg: "Good bye Mohammed" - link. North Africa continued to be Greek Hellenic and Jesus Fantasy [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christian and with Berbers]].

Oriental [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews, who followed in the wake of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Arab armies in large numbers, rebuilt the old destroyed communities of Algeria. The [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews in the urban centers, such as Mejana or Mesila, were Rabbanites; so also were the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews in the capitals of the various Berber kingdoms - Ashir, Tahert (Tiaret), where the philologist R. Judah *ibn Quraysh lived, *Tlemcen, and *Qal'at Hammad, where R. Isaac *Alfasi was probably born.

[Contacts abroad - schooling and academic traditions]

These communities were in contact with the communities of *Fez in the west and *Kairouan in the east, and even with the geonim of Babylonia and Palestine. It is partly through them that the teachings of the academies of *Sura and *Pumbedita, and later of Kairouan, spread to Morocco, and from there to Spain. Thus, the influence of these communities on the intellectual and religious development of the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews of Spain can be seen.

The teachings of the sages were spread to the area north of the Sahara Desert from Gabès, Tunisia, to Sijilmassa (in the Ziz Valley), Morocco, by traveling merchants. The [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish tribes of the region of Wargha were Karaites. They were nomad warriors. Their descendants were called "Bahusim" and remained in the eastern part of Algeria up to modern times.

[[Muhammad Fantasy was dominating North Africa only since 850 about, and it began to dominate North Africa and north of Spain only since 900 approximately]].

[989: Revolt against Ziride rule - 12th and 13th century: diminished Moses Fantasy Jewish communities]

In the tenth century, a [[Moses Fantasy]] Jew named Abu al-Faraj instigated an important revolt against the Ziride sovereigns of the Berber tribes in the Setif region. Defeated, he was tortured to death in 989.

Apart from the fact that the community of Tlemcen was destroyed, almost nothing is known about Algerian [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews during the rule of the Almohades in the 12th and 13th centuries. In any case, after that period of disorder the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish population of Algeria was considerably diminished.

[13th and 14th century: Contacts with Europe - Tlemcen and the Sudanese gold route - Muhammad Fantasy Muslim immigration from Jesus Fantasy Spain]

In the 13th and 14th centuries some [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish merchants residing in Algeria had regular contacts with other countries, particularly with Catalonia, and these ties served to keep open channels of communication with the more developed [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish communities. [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews of Languedoc and even Marseilles lived in Bougie, the Algerian harbor town, from 1248.

Tlemcen, gate to the Mediterranean and a final station on the Sudanese gold route, known as the "[[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish Road", had a small but lively community, which was sustained by the rich [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish merchants of Barcelona, Valencia, Tortosa, and Majorca. Most of these merchants were actually natives of the Maghreb and particularly favored by the kings of Aragon, who relied on them as essential to their prosperity. Their relatives had remained in the Maghreb, settling at *Algiers, Cherchel, Tenes, Mostaganem, and Tlemcen.

At that time there was a continuous emigration of [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims from the [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christian kingdoms of Spain to Africa and they were assisted by the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews in Spain. This was the very remunerative business of the great [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish African-Spanish family Alatzar (also al-'Azar), in particular.

[Moses Fantasy Jewish trade activities in Algeria - Moses Fantasy Jews as ambassadors between Jesus Fantasy Christian kings and Muhammad Fantasy Muslim courts]

The [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish merchants of the central Maghreb had many trade activities, including the slave trade, so important at the time. However, they traded chiefly in Sudanese gold. Many traded with the Balearic Islands using their own ships.

The [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christian kings of Spain appointed many [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews as their ambassadors to the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim courts. In that capacity Abraham and Samuel Abengelel, Judas "Abenhatens", and the alfaquim ("physician") *Bondavin made their first visit (col. 612)

to Tlemcen in 1286. In 1305 Solomon b. Zequi of Majorca was chosen to settle a dispute with the town of Breshk. These experts in North African diplomacy, as well as the wealthy merchants in the country, were exceptions among the mass of Algerian [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewry, whose level of culture was very low.

[1391: Moses Fantasy Jews coming from Spain - conflicts between African and Spanish Moses Fantasy Jews in Algeria]

Largely because of them and the possibility of communication with the important economic centers which they represented, many Spanish refugees of 1391 chose Algeria as their haven. They emigrated in continuous groups from Catalonia and the Balearic Islands. They were favorably received by the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim authorities, in particular by the Ziyanid princes. In contrast, their relations with the local [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews, who had at first received them fraternally, later became tense, Their numbers gave rise to fear of competition in their professions. Differences in ritual, language, customs, and above all of social conceptions, caused conflicts between the two communities.

The Sephardi [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews asserted themselves by their intellectual superiority, financial means, and their skills. The older community resisted the attempt of the newcomers to dominate communal life. However, there were refugee leaders who were able to mitigate the conflicts between the two groups. The learning and dedication of the new immigrants renewed the moral and religious life of Algerian [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewry. Their talent in organizational activities strengthened the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish institutions of Algeria.

[Moses Fantasy Jewish schooling in Algeria since 1391]

R. Ephraim Ankawa reestablished the community of Tlemcen; the eminent talmudic authorities R. *Isaac b. Sheshet Perfet (Ribash), R. Simeon b. Zemah *Duran (Rashbaz), and the latter's descendants were mainly responsible for Algiers becoming a religious and intellectual center. The communities of *Honein, *Oran, Mostaganem, Miliana, Médéa, Tenès, Breshk, *Bougie, *Bône, and *Constantine, although dependent on Algiers, also became centers of [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish learning under the leadership of the rabbis Amram Merovas Ephrati, Samuel Halawa, the brothers *Najjar, and others.

[1492: Only few Spanish Moses Fantasy Jewish refugees coming - Muhammad Fantasy Muslim defeat provokes attacks against the Moses Fantasy Jews - and Moses Fantasy Jews are sold as slaves]

Very few of the Spanish exiles of 1492 came to Algeria. The only city that attracted them was Tlemcen, which they reached by way of Oran. It has been said, however, that the loss of Granada, Spain, in 1492 by the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims had grave repercussions for the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews in Algeria. In cases such as that of the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim preacher al-Maghilli, resentment was (col. 613)

expressed in violent tirades against the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews. The prosperous and powerful communities of Tlemcen and, in particular, Tuat were destroyed some years later as a result of such agitation. Just after these events, the Spanish occupation of Oran (1509-1708) and Bougie (1509-55), resulted in [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish property being pillaged and the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews themselves sold as slaves. Finally, however, some influential families such as Jacob *Cansino, Jacob b. Aaron, and *Sasportas convinced the Spaniards in Oran that their [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Arab policy would best be served by accepting a [[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish community in Oran.

[17th and 18th centuries: Moses Fantasy Jews from Italy coming to Algeria - ransoming Jesus Fantasy Christian captives]

In the 17th and 18th centuries, descendants of Marranos and [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews from Leghorn [[Livorno]], Italy, settled in Algeria, especially Algiers. Among the first who arrived were the Lousada, Alvarenga, Zacuto, Molco, and dela Rosa families; among the later ones were the Soliman, *Busnach, *Bouchara, Bakri, Lealtad, and *Delmar families. They played an important role in ransoming [[Jesus Fantasy]] Christian captives for European governments, and their commercial activities enriched the country.

[Commerce since 1391 - the megorashim Moses Fantasy Jews from Castile with berets or hoods - native African Moses Fantasy Jews with turbans]

The "refugees of 1391" had stimulated Algerian trade and brought prosperity to remote communities. They exported ostrich feathers from Mzab and African gold from Tuat, as well as burnooses, rugs, cereals, wool, and pelts to Europe, while European products were in turn sold in Africa by the same merchants.

At that time the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews owned estates, slaves, and flocks. In the regions subject to a central power, the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews paid the jizya,  the tax levied on all non-[[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslims. Their rabbis were exempted from it, as were the merchants, mainly descendants of megorashim [[[[Moses Fantasy]] Jews expelled from Castile]] because they paid customs on their imports. The native [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews were thus in an inferior position. Moreover, the megorashim had a separate quarter, synagogue, and even cemetery. Their dress was also different from that of the native [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews; they continued this distinction by wearing berets or hoods. Thus, they were called ba'alei ha-kappus or kabbusiyyin, in contrast to the ba'alei ha-miznefet, native [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews who wore turbans.

[14th century-1830: Community life and justice practices of Moses Fantasy Jewish communities in Algeria]

The organization of the communities that was established in the 14th century was in effect until 1830. At the head of each community was a Sheikh al-Yahud, or Zaken ha-Yehudim, called also muqaddim, who was appointed by the [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim authorities. His powers were discretionary, tempered only by protests of the rabbis. A prison and the police were at his disposal for punishing and carrying out the sentences of the bet din. He also named the officers (gedolei ha-kahal, ziknei ha-kahal) who were charged with the collection and administration of charity funds, and the management of the synagogue and charitable institutions.

The Judeo-Spanish groups chose their officers (ne'emanim) themselves. The rabbinical courts were composed of three judged chosen and paid by the community. Only civil disputes were brought to them; they had no jurisdiction in criminal matters.

Although the rabbinical courts were available to Algerian [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews, they tended more and more to turn to [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim civil courts. To discourage this practice the rabbis were able to threaten, and indeed put into effect, decrees of excommunication. On questions of minhag [[local custom]], however, the rabbis were often compelled to approve the local custom followed by African [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews. Some later practices originated in takkanot [[juridical orders]]. The haskamot, agreements over administrative regulations, also legalized local practices.

The particular regulations of each community gave it a certain individuality that it jealously preserved for future generations. This resulted in collections of minhagim [[local customs]], prayers, and liturgy (piyyutim), the work of local rabbis, written either in Hebrew or Judeo-[[Muhammad Fantasy]] Arabic.

The communities of Tlemcen, Oran, and Algiers each had its own mahzor [[high holiday prayer book]]. Sometimes the synagogues of the same town even had different liturgies. (col. 614)

Thus, in the 18th century the community of Algiers was convulsed by disputes over liturgy.

[14th century-1830: Jewish-Muslim relations between Moses and Muhammad Fantasy people]

[[Moses Fantasy]] Jewish-[[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim relations were, on the whole, good. It was only occasionally that outbursts of fanaticism gave rise to local persecutions. In certain towns it was accepted that at such times the mosques, although forbidden to infidels, should serve as a refuge to the [[Moses Fantasy]] Jews. The religious [[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim leaders sometimes helped them; for example, the marabout ([[Muhammad Fantasy]] Muslim holy man) of Blida, southwest of Algiers, stopped a pogrom and forced the plunderers to return their booty.> (col. 615)

[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: Algeria
[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: Algeria, vol. 2, col. 612	[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: Algeria, vol. 2, col. 613-614	[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: Algeria, vol. 2, col. 615-616	[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: Algeria, vol. 2, col. 617-618	[Mossad] Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971: Algeria, vol. 2, col. 619-620

index   next

Moses Fantasy Jews and their communities in Algeria - schooling and trade along the Sudanese gold route -- 7th century: Muhammad Fantasy Arab FANTASY invasion - and new Moses Fantasy Jewish communities -- Supplement: First 200 years of Islam are invented - NO invasion in 641 - NO Muhammad Fantasy Muslim Cairo until 850 -- Contacts abroad - schooling and academic traditions -- 989: Revolt against Ziride rule - 12th and 13th century: diminished Moses Fantasy Jewish communities -- 13th and 14th century: Contacts with Europe - Tlemcen and the Sudanese gold route - Muhammad Fantasy Muslim immigration from Jesus Fantasy Spain -- Moses Fantasy Jewish trade activities in Algeria - Moses Fantasy Jews as ambassadors between Jesus Fantasy Christian kings and Muhammad Fantasy Muslim courts -- 1391: Moses Fantasy Jews coming from Spain - conflicts between African and Spanish Moses Fantasy Jews in Algeria -- Moses Fantasy Jewish schooling in Algeria since 1391 -- 1492: Only few Spanish Moses Fantasy Jewish refugees coming - Muhammad Fantasy Muslim defeat provokes attacks against the Moses Fantasy Jews - and Moses Fantasy Jews are sold as slaves -- 17th and 18th centuries: Moses Fantasy Jews from Italy coming to Algeria - ransoming Jesus Fantasy Christian captives -- Commerce since 1391 - the megorashim Moses Fantasy Jews from Castile with berets or hoods - native African Moses Fantasy Jews with turbans -- 14th century-1830: Community life and justice practices of Moses Fantasy Jewish communities in Algeria -- 14th century-1830: Jewish-Muslim relations between Moses and Muhammad Fantasy people -- 3 fantasies - Moses is a fantasy - Jesus is a fantasy - Muhammad is a fantasy - but Mother Earth is REAL

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